When a million people sought refuge in Europe in 2015 due to the wars and violent conflicts in the Middle East and North Africa, the structural deficiencies in the already flawed Common European Asylum System (CEAS) became evident.

This new publication, coordinated by Bertelsmann Stiftung in partnership with the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation, analyses how the asylum systems in Germany, Poland, Portugal and Sweden have evolved since 2015, which reforms were introduced, and which challenges remain.